TUGAS SOFTSKILLS BAHASA INGGRIS 2

NAMA        :  EMERALDY RAMADHAN EVRAN

NPM            :  12215207

KELAS        :  1EA26

DOSEN        :  NONI MARLIANINGSIH

MATERI     :  NATURAL DISASTER

                     ( EARTHQUAKES )

EARTHQUAKES

Earthquakes are vibrations or shocks occurring in permukaanbumi due to the release of energy from a sudden that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused by movements in the earth's crust (tectonic plates). The frequency of a given region, referring to the type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. The earthquake was measured by using a seismometer. moment magnitude scale is most common where earthquakes occur for the entire dunia.skalarickter is the scale have been reported by the national seismological observatories are measured on a local magnitude scale magnitude 5. The second scale is the same for a range of numbers they are valid. 3 earthquakes of magnitude or more are mostly hardly noticeable and its large 7 over potentially cause serious damage over large areas, depending on the depth of the earthquake. The largest earthquake telahvlebih historic magnitude of 9, although there is no limit magnitude. The last major earthquake magnitude 9.0 or greater was 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of March 2011), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. The intensity of vibration is measured on a modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.

Types of earthquakes includes the example below:

1. Earthquakes volcanic (Volcano); This earthquake occurred as a result of magma activity, which usually happens before the volcano erupted. If the higher activeness it will cause an explosion that would also lead to the occurrence of earthquakes. The earthquake was only felt around the volcano.

2. Tectonic earthquakes; The earthquake was caused by the tectonic activity, ie shifting tectonic plates suddenly has the power from very small to very large. This earthquake caused more damage or natural disasters on earth, a powerful earthquake vibrations capable of spreading to all parts of the earth. Tectonic earthquakes are caused by perlepasan [power] that occur due to shifting tectonic plates plate like a rubber band pulled and released

suddenly. Power generated by the pressure between the rocks known as tectonic disability. The theory of plate tectonic (plate tectonics) explains that the earth is composed of several layers of rock, most of the area of ​​the crust it will drift and float on a layer sepertisalju. These layers stir slowly so broken to pieces and collide with each other. This has led to a tectonic earthquake.

               Map of the distribution follows the pattern and special rules and narrow, which follows the pattern of meeting tectonic plates that make up the earth's crust. In the earth sciences (geology), the theoretical framework of plate tectonics is a postulate to explain the phenomenon of tectonic earthquake that hit virtually the entire area, which is adjacent to the boundary of tectonic plates meeting. Examples of volcanic earthquakes is as happened in Yogyakarta, Indonesia on Saturday, May 27, 2006 early morning, at 5:54 pm,

1. Earthquake collision; The earthquake was caused by a meteor or asteroid that fell to Earth, types of earthquakes are rare

2. The earthquake debris; Earthquakes usually occur in the limestone area or in mining regions, this earthquake is rare and localized.

3. Earthquakes artificial; Artificial earthquake was an earthquake caused by the activities of humans, such as the detonation of dynamite, nuclear or hammers that struck the earth's surface.

               Most earthquakes are caused from the release of energy produced by pressure exerted by the plates are moving. The longer the pressure that the growing and eventually reach the situation where the pressure can not be detained again by the outskirts of the slab. That's when an earthquake will occur.

Earthquakes typically occur at plate boundaries of the plates. The most severe earthquakes typically occur at plate boundaries compressional and

translational. Dalamkemungkinan focus earthquakes occur because of material sandwiched into the lithospheric layer undergoes a phase transition at a depth of more than 600 km.

               Several other earthquakes can also occur due to movement of magmadi in a volcano. Earthquakes like it could be a symptom of impending volcanic eruption. Several earthquakes (rare but) also occur due to accumulated huge mass of water behind the dam, such as the Caribbean Dam in Zambia, Africa. Some (infrequently) can also occur due to injection or akstraksi liquid from / into the earth (eg. In some power plants and geothermal diRocky Mountain Arsenal. Recently, earthquakes can also occur from blasting explosives. It can make the scientists monitoring the secret tests of nuclear weapons by the government. the earthquake that caused by humans as it is also called induced seismicity.

As a result of the earthquake:

• The building collapsed

• fires

• loss of life

• The surface of the soil into the glue and the road to be broken

• Landslides due to shocks

• Flooding due to damage to the dike

• An earthquake on the sea floor that caused the tsunami

Abatement

When you are in the house:

• Do not panic and do not run out, take cover under a table or bed.

• If no, protect the head with a pillow or other object.

• Stay away from bookshelves, cabinets and window glass.

• Be careful of the ceiling may collapse, objects hanging on the wall and so on.

When you are outdoors:

• Stay away from tall buildings, walls, sheer cliffs, central electric and electric poles, billboards, tall trees, etc.

• Try to reach areas that are open.

• Move away from the shelves and window glass.

If the public were in the room:

• Do not panic and do not run out because the possibility was filled with people.

• Stay away from objects that easily slip such as shelves, cabinets and glass windows etc.

When you are driving a vehicle:

• Immediately stop in the open.

• Do not stop on the bridge or under the flyover / overpass.

When you're in a shopping center, movie theater, and the ground floor of the mall:

• Do not cause panic or victims of panic

• Follow all instructions of an employee or security guard

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BAHASA INGGRIS

Disusun oleh:

Emeraldy Ramadhan Evran (12215207)

FAKULTAS EKONOMI

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARAMA

KOTA BEKASI

2015/2016

1.    Present Continous

The Present Continous Tense (a.k.a Present Progressive Tense), indicates continuing action, something going on now. This tense is formed with the helping "to be" verb, in the present tense, plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): "I am buying all my family's Christmas gifts early this year. She is working through the holiday break. Dierdre is being a really good girl in these days before Christmas".

The present progressive can suggest that an action is going to happen in the future, especially with verbs that convey the idea of a plan or of movement from one place or condition to another: "The team is arriving in two hours. He's moving to Portland this summer." Because the present progressive can suggest either the present or the future, it is usually modified by adverbs of time.

FORM:

am/is/are + present participle

                  

            Examples:

·         You are watching TV.

·         Are you watching TV?

·         You are not watching TV.

USE 1 NOW

Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.

Examples:

·         You are learning English now.

·         You are not swimming now.

·         Are you sleeping?

·         I am sitting.

·         I am not standing.

·         Is he sitting or standing?

·         They are reading their books.

·         They are not watching television.

·         What are you doing?

·         Why aren't you doing your homework?

USE 2 LONGER ACTIONS IN PROGRESS NOW

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

Examples:

·         I am studying to become a doctor.

·         I am not studying to become a dentist.

·         I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.

·         I am not reading any books right now.

·         Are you working on any special projects at work?

·         Aren't you teaching at the university now?

USE 3 NEAR FUTURE

Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.

Examples:

·         I am meeting some friends after work.

·         I am not going to the party tonight.

·         Is he visiting his parents next weekend?

·         Isn't he coming with us tonight?

USE 4 REPETITION AND IRRATATION WITH “ALWAYS”

          The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

            Examples:

·         She is always coming to class late.

·         He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.

·         I don't like them because they are always complaining.

2. PERFECT TENSE

            The three perfect tenses in English are the three verb tenses which show action already completed. (The word perfect literally means "made complete" or "completely done”). They are formed by the appropriate tense of the verb to have plus the past participle of the verb.

has/have + past participle

          FORM:

          Examples:

·         You have seen that movie many times.

·         Have you seen that movie many times?

·         You have not seen that movie many times.

USE 1 UNSPECIFIED TIME BEFORE NOW

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

·         I have seen that movie twenty times.

·         I think I have met him once before.

·         There have been many earthquakes in California.

·         People have traveled to the Moon.

·         People have not traveled to Mars.

·         Have you read the book yet?

·         Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

·         A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?

B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

            How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

            The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

            TOPIC 1 Experience

          You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

            Examples:

·         I have been to France.

This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.

·         I have been to France three times.

You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.

·         I have never been to France.

This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.

·         I think I have seen that movie before.

·         He has never traveled by train.

·         Joan has studied two foreign languages.

·         A: Have you ever met him?

B: No, I have not met him.

            TOPIC 2 CHANGE OVERTIME

            We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

          Examples:

·         You have grown since the last time I saw you.

·         The government has become more interested in arts education.

·         Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.

·         My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 ACCOMPLISHMENTS

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

·         Man has walked on the Moon.

·         Our son has learned how to read.

·         Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

·         Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 AN UNCOMPLETED ACTION YOU ARE EXPECTING

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

·         James has not finished his homework yet.

·         Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

·         Bill has still not arrived.

·         The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

·         The army has attacked that city five times.

·         I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.

·         We have had many major problems while working on this project.

·         She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

TIME EXPRESSIONS WITH PRESENT PERFECT

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

·         Have you been to Mexico in the last year?

·         I have seen that movie six times in the last month.

·         They have had three tests in the last week.

·         She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.

·         My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

          "Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

            Examples:

·         I went to Mexico last year.

I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.

·         I have been to Mexico in the last year.

I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

USE 2 DURATION FROM THE PAST UNTIL NOW (NON – CONTINUOUS VERBS)

           

          With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

            Examples:

·         I have had a cold for two weeks.

·         She has been in England for six months.

·         Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

·         You have only seen that movie one time.

·         Have you only seen that movie one time?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

·         Many tourists have visited that castle. Active

·         That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive

3.      FUTURE TENSE

The future can be expressed in several ways in English. Here are the different possibilities:

·         Future Simple: will + base form of the verb

·         Be Going To: am, is, are + going to + base form of the verb

·         Shall: Shall + subject + base form of the verb?

·         Future Progressive: will be + verbing

·         Present Simple and Present Progressive with Future Meaning

Time expressions in the Future Tense

There are several time expressions that are used in all of the different forms of the future tense. They are generally used at the end of the sentence or question. The most common are: tomorrow, next week (Sunday/month/year), in two days (weeks, months years), the day after tomorrow.

Future Simple: Will + Base Form of the Verb

This form is used to:

Describe a simple action in the future:

a.    She‘ll write the e-mail after lunch

b.    Alice won’t help us decorate for the party

Make a prediction or give a warning

a.    Don’t lift that. You‘ll hurt yourself

b.    If you don’t finish the bid, the boss won’t give you a raise.

Make a spontaneous decision:

a.  You dropped your purse. I‘ll get it.

            Contractions

            In general, use the contracted forms of the pronoun + will:

   I will > I’ll / he will > he’ll / she will > she’ll / you will > you’ll / we will > we’ll /they will > they’ll

               Ex. I’ll see you tomorrow. / You’ll get the answer by post.

               Try to use the short form won’t instead of will not

               Ex. I won’t see you tomorrow.

   Save the long forms for when you want to create emphasis in spoken Englsih or when writing formal texts.

               Ex. You will not do that again! / His hypothesis will not stand up to their criticism.

QUESTION

A.      PRESENT CONTINOUS

          1.         They ….. Grammar in EnglishShop right now

a.      Are studying

b.      Are study

c.       Is studying

2.                   ….. are buying many books at the moment

a.     The Teacher

b.    The Student

c.     The old Women

3.                   ….. you …..My dictionaries right now?

a.     Are = bring

b.    Is = bringing

c.     Are = bringing

4.                   Budi and I ….. working in Big Company

a.     Am

b.    Are

c.     Is

5.                      The Police …. Under the tree

a.    Is lying

b.    Are laying

c.    Are lying

6.                   All of My friend have been living in Jakarta

a.     All of My friend is living in Jakarta

b.    All of My friend are living in Jakarta

c.     All of My friends are living in Jakarta

7.                   Ardianto’s teeth were better

a.    Ardianto’s teeth are being better

b.    Ardianto’s teeth is being better

c.     Ardianto’s teeth is wereing better

8.                   He has practiced pronunciation

a.     He are practicing pronunciation

b.    He is practicing pronunciation

c.     He is practiceing pronunciation

9.                   He is very naughty

a.    He is being very naughty

b.    He are being very naughty

c.     He are very naughty

10.               My Brother do a great job

a.    My Brother is doing a great job

b.    My Brother are doing a great job

c.     My Brother are do a great job

B.              PERFECT TENSE

1.      I ... read the terms and conditions

a.      Have

b.      Has

2.      The businessman … offered her three times the value of her property, but she’s not interested.

a.      ‘s

b.      ‘ve

3.      Have you ever … the beautiful desert scenery?

a.       See

b.      Seen

4.      … Mahesa been to New Zealand?

a.       Is

b.      Has

5.      My cousin … as a medical assistant for almost a year.

a.      Has worked

b.      Have worked

6.      Julie as well as her sister … used organic products for skin care since January.

a.      Has

b.      Have

7.      Someone … left the letter on your desk.

a.      Has

b.      Have

8.      One of the students … completed the final exam.

a.      ‘s just

b.      ‘ve just

9.      How much have you … for clothes that you never wear?

a.       Spend

b.      Spent

10.  He hasn’t … a bribe for education services, has he?

a.       Pay

b.      Paid

C.                FUTURE TENSE

1.                   A: The phone is ringing.

B: I …….. take it.

a.    Will

b.    Am going to

2.                   A: I can’t hear the radio.

B: Ok, I ……. turn it up.

a.    Will

b.    Am going to

3.                   A: What ……. do this weekend?

B: I have no idea.

a.     Will you

b.    Are you going to

4.                   A: Why are you taking my pencil?

B: I …….. write a letter.

a.    Will

b.    Am going to\

5.                   She …….. visit us next month.

a.     Will

b.    Is going to

6.                   I personally predict that …….. be the next president.

a.    Will

b.    Going to

7.                   A: What’s you plan for this summer holiday?

B: I ……. visit New York.

a.     Will

b.    Am going to

8.                   A: Excuse me, do you know where the Professor Aditama’s room is?

B: I don’t know, but I think that guy …….. help you to show it.

a.    Will

b.    Is going to

9.                   I ……. find a work as soon as I graduate from this school.

a.     Will

b.    Am going to

10.               A: I am sure she …….. come.

B: Ok.

a.     Will

b.    Is going to

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