BAHASA INGGRIS
Disusun oleh:
Emeraldy
Ramadhan Evran (12215207)
FAKULTAS EKONOMI
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARAMA
KOTA BEKASI
2015/2016
1. Present
Continous
The Present Continous Tense (a.k.a Present Progressive
Tense), indicates continuing action, something going on now. This tense is
formed with the helping "to be" verb, in the present tense, plus the
present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): "I am buying all my
family's Christmas gifts early this year. She is working through the holiday
break. Dierdre is being a really good girl in these days before
Christmas".
The present progressive can suggest that an action is
going to happen in the future, especially with verbs that convey the idea of a
plan or of movement from one place or condition to another: "The team is
arriving in two hours. He's moving to Portland this summer." Because the
present progressive can suggest either the present or the future, it is usually
modified by adverbs of time.
FORM:
|
am/is/are + present participle
|
Examples:
·
You
are watching TV.
·
Are
you watching TV?
·
You
are not watching TV.
USE
1 NOW
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to
express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can
also be used to show that something is not happening now.
Examples:
·
You
are learning English now.
·
You
are not swimming now.
·
Are
you sleeping?
·
I
am sitting.
·
I
am not standing.
·
Is he
sitting or standing?
·
They
are reading their books.
·
They
are not watching television.
·
What
are you doing?
·
Why
aren't you doing your homework?
USE
2 LONGER ACTIONS IN PROGRESS NOW
In English, "now"
can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on.
Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of
doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it
at this exact second.
Examples:
·
I
am studying to become a doctor.
·
I
am not studying to become a dentist.
·
I
am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
·
I
am not reading any books right now.
·
Are
you working on any special projects
at work?
·
Aren't you teaching at the
university now?
USE
3 NEAR FUTURE
Sometimes, speakers use the
Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the
near future.
Examples:
·
I
am meeting some friends after work.
·
I
am not going to the party tonight.
·
Is
he visiting his parents next
weekend?
·
Isn't he coming with us tonight?
USE
4 REPETITION AND IRRATATION WITH “ALWAYS”
The
Present Continuous with words such as "always" or
"constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking
often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with
negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or
"constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
·
She
is always coming to class late.
·
He
is constantly talking. I wish he
would shut up.
·
I
don't like them because they are always
complaining.
2. PERFECT TENSE
The three perfect
tenses in English are the three verb tenses which show action already
completed. (The word perfect literally means "made complete" or
"completely done”). They are formed by the appropriate tense of the verb
to have plus the past participle of the verb.
|
has/have + past participle
|
FORM:
Examples:
·
You
have seen that movie many times.
·
Have
you seen that movie many times?
·
You
have not seen that movie many times.
USE
1 UNSPECIFIED TIME BEFORE NOW
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action
happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important.
You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as:
yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan,
at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with
unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times,
before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
·
I
have seen that movie twenty times.
·
I
think I have met him once before.
·
There
have been many earthquakes in
California.
·
People
have traveled to the Moon.
·
People
have not traveled to Mars.
·
Have
you read the book yet?
·
Nobody
has ever climbed that mountain.
·
A:
Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
How
Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The
concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English
learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC
1 Experience
You
can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying,
"I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that
you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to
describe a specific event.
Examples:
·
I
have been to France.
This sentence means that you have had the experience
of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
·
I
have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the
sentence.
·
I
have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the
experience of going to France.
·
I
think I have seen that movie before.
·
He
has never traveled by train.
·
Joan
has studied two foreign languages.
·
A:
Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
TOPIC
2 CHANGE OVERTIME
We often use the
Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
·
You
have grown since the last time I saw
you.
·
The
government has become more
interested in arts education.
·
Japanese
has become one of the most popular
courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
·
My
English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC
3 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
We often use the Present Perfect to list the
accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific
time.
Examples:
·
Man
has walked on the Moon.
·
Our
son has learned how to read.
·
Doctors
have cured many deadly diseases.
·
Scientists
have split the atom.
TOPIC
4 AN UNCOMPLETED ACTION YOU ARE EXPECTING
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action
which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we
are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
·
James
has not finished his homework yet.
·
Susan
hasn't mastered Japanese, but she
can communicate.
·
Bill
has still not arrived.
·
The
rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions
at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions
which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests
the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
·
The army has attacked that city five times.
·
I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
·
We have had many major problems while working on this project.
·
She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody
knows why she is sick.
TIME EXPRESSIONS WITH PRESENT PERFECT
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at
some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action
happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in
for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week,
in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
·
Have
you been to Mexico in the last year?
·
I
have seen that movie six times in the last month.
·
They
have had three tests in the last week.
·
She
graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
·
My
car has broken down three times this week.
NOTICE
"Last
year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning.
"Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a
specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means
from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it
requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
·
I
went to Mexico last year.
I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
·
I
have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point
between 365 days ago and now.
USE
2 DURATION FROM THE PAST UNTIL NOW (NON – CONTINUOUS VERBS)
With
Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present
Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until
now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since
Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
·
I
have had a cold for two weeks.
·
She
has been in England for six months.
·
Mary
has loved chocolate since she was a
little girl.
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally
limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the
words "live," "work," "teach," and
"study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT
Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB
PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar
adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
·
You
have only seen that movie one time.
·
Have
you only seen that movie one time?
ACTIVE
/ PASSIVE
Examples:
·
Many
tourists have visited that castle.
Active
·
That
castle has been visited by many
tourists. Passive
The
future can be expressed in several ways in English. Here are the different
possibilities:
·
Future Simple: will + base form of the verb
·
Be Going To: am, is, are + going to + base form of the verb
·
Shall: Shall + subject + base form of the verb?
·
Future Progressive: will be + verbing
·
Present Simple and Present Progressive with Future Meaning
Time expressions in the Future Tense
There are several time
expressions that are used in all of the different forms of the future tense.
They are generally used at the end of the sentence or question. The most common
are: tomorrow, next week (Sunday/month/year), in two days (weeks, months
years), the day after tomorrow.
Future Simple: Will + Base Form of the Verb
This form is used to:
Describe a simple action in the
future:
a.
She‘ll write the e-mail
after lunch
b.
Alice won’t help us
decorate for the party
Make a prediction or give a warning
a. Don’t
lift that. You‘ll hurt yourself
b. If you
don’t finish the bid, the boss won’t give you a raise.
Make a spontaneous decision:
a. You
dropped your purse. I‘ll get it.
Contractions
In
general, use the contracted forms of the pronoun + will:
I will > I’ll / he will > he’ll / she
will > she’ll / you will > you’ll / we will > we’ll /they will >
they’ll
Ex. I’ll see you tomorrow. /
You’ll get the answer by post.
Try to use the short form won’t
instead of will not
Ex. I won’t see you tomorrow.
Save the long forms for when you want to
create emphasis in spoken Englsih or when writing formal texts.
Ex. You will not do that again! /
His hypothesis will not stand up to their criticism.
QUESTION
A. PRESENT CONTINOUS
1. They ….. Grammar in EnglishShop right
now
a.
Are
studying
b. Are
study
c. Is
studying
2.
….. are buying many books at the moment
a. The
Teacher
b. The
Student
c.
The
old Women
3.
….. you …..My dictionaries right now?
a. Are
= bring
b. Is
= bringing
c.
Are
= bringing
4.
Budi and I ….. working in Big Company
a. Am
b.
Are
c. Is
5.
The Police …. Under the tree
a. Is
lying
b. Are
laying
c.
Are
lying
6.
All of My friend have been living in
Jakarta
a. All
of My friend is living in Jakarta
b. All
of My friend are living in Jakarta
c. All of My friends are living in
Jakarta
7.
Ardianto’s teeth were better
a.
Ardianto’s
teeth are being better
b. Ardianto’s
teeth is being better
c. Ardianto’s
teeth is wereing better
8.
He has practiced pronunciation
a. He
are practicing pronunciation
b.
He
is practicing pronunciation
c. He
is practiceing pronunciation
9.
He is very naughty
a.
He is being very naughty
b. He
are being very naughty
c. He
are very naughty
10.
My Brother do a great job
a.
My
Brother is doing a great job
b. My
Brother are doing a great job
c. My
Brother are do a great job
B.
PERFECT
TENSE
1. I
... read the terms and conditions
a.
Have
b. Has
2. The
businessman … offered her three times the value of her property, but she’s not
interested.
a.
‘s
b. ‘ve
3. Have
you ever … the beautiful desert scenery?
a. See
b.
Seen
4. …
Mahesa been to New Zealand?
a. Is
b.
Has
5. My
cousin … as a medical assistant for almost a year.
a.
Has
worked
b. Have
worked
6. Julie
as well as her sister … used organic products for skin care since January.
a.
Has
b. Have
7. Someone
… left the letter on your desk.
a.
Has
b. Have
8. One
of the students … completed the final exam.
a.
‘s
just
b. ‘ve
just
9. How
much have you … for clothes that you never wear?
a. Spend
b. Spent
10. He
hasn’t … a bribe for education services, has he?
a. Pay
b.
Paid
C.
FUTURE
TENSE
1.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I …….. take it.
a.
Will
b. Am
going to
2.
A: I can’t hear the radio.
B: Ok, I ……. turn it up.
a.
Will
b. Am
going to
3.
A: What ……. do this weekend?
B: I have no idea.
a. Will
you
b.
Are
you going to
4.
A: Why are you taking my pencil?
B: I …….. write a letter.
a.
Will
b. Am
going to\
5.
She …….. visit us next month.
a. Will
b.
Is
going to
6.
I personally predict that …….. be the
next president.
a.
Will
b. Going
to
7.
A: What’s you plan for this summer
holiday?
B: I ……. visit New York.
a. Will
b.
Am
going to
8.
A: Excuse me, do you know where the
Professor Aditama’s room is?
B: I don’t know, but I think that guy
…….. help you to show it.
a.
Will
b. Is
going to
9.
I ……. find a work as soon as I graduate
from this school.
a. Will
b.
Am
going to
10.
A: I am sure she …….. come.
B: Ok.
a. Will
b. Is
going to
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